Modifiers
A modifier can be an adjective,
an adverb,
or a phrase or
clause
acting as an adjective or adverb In every case, the basic principle is the
same: the modifier adds information to another element in the sentence.
In this chapter, you will begin by working
with single-word modifiers -- adjectives and adverbs -- but the information
here will also apply to phrases and clauses which act as modifiers.
Written
by Frances Peck
Using Adverbs and Adjectives
Adverbs are
words that modify verbs, adjectives,
other adverbs, and sometimes clauses and
whole sentences.
Adjectives are words that modify nouns and pronouns. Be
careful not to use an adjective where you need an adverb. Consider the
following sentences, for instance:
[WRONG] Once
the test was over, Sharon walked slow
out of the classroom.
[RIGHT] Once
the test was over, Sharon walked slowly
out of the classroom.
The
sentence needs an adverb, not an adjective, to modify the verb
"walked."
[WRONG] We
tried real hard to get the
muffin mixture perfect.
[RIGHT] We
tried really hard to get the
muffin mixture perfect.
The
sentence needs an adverb, not an adjective, to modify the adjective
"hard." (Note that "really" is an informal substitute for
"very", and you should avoid in in formal essays.)
Using "good," "bad,"
"well," and "badly."
You
might also note the distinctions between "good" and "bad"
(which are adjectives) and "well" and "badly" (which are
adverbs):
Shelley
plays the piano well
and the drums badly.
The actor's
performance was good
even though he felt bad
that night.
"Well"
is an adjective only when it refers to health or condition:
She
protested that she was well
enough to start playing sports again.
Using Adjectives with Linking Verbs
In
the same vein, remember that adjectives modify nouns and pronouns. Do not
mistakenly use an adverb to modify these parts of speech.For example, after a linking verb you may be tempted to use an adverb instead of an adjective. You will recall that the linking verb is a special kind of verb because it links its subject to a subject complement. A subject complement can be either a noun (renaming the subject) or a modifier (describing the subject). When it is a modifier it must be an adjective because it describes the subject (always a noun or pronoun). It does not modify the linking verb itself and should therefore not be an adverb:
[WRONG] We
felt badly about having
caused the accident
[RIGHT] We
felt bad about having
caused the accident.
Using Conjunctive Adverbs
The
conjunctive adverb is a
special kind of adverb that often serves as a transition between two independent clauses in a
sentence. Some common conjunctive adverbs are "therefore,"
"however," "moreover," "nevertheless,"
"consequently," and "furthermore." When using a conjunctive
adverb at the beginning of the second independent clause, be sure to precede it
with a semicolon not a
comma.
My roommate
usually listens to rock music; however, he also likes John Coltrane and several
other jazz musicians.
Written by Frances Peck
Using the Comparative and Superlative
You
should use the comparative form of an adjective or adverb to
compare exactly
two things. You can form the comparative by adding the suffix
"-er" to the modifier (for
some short words) or by using the word "more" with the modifier:
Of the two
designs, the architect is convinced that the city will select the more experimental one.
(comparing two designs)
Now that it
is March, the days are getting longer.
(longer now than before)
You
should use the superlative form to compare three or
more things. You can form the superlative by adding the suffix "-est"
to the modifier (for some short words) or by using the word "most"
with the modifier:
This is
definitely the smartest, wittiest, most imaginative comic strip I have ever
seen. (implying that I have seen more than two)
Note: if you are not certain, you should check
a dictionary to see which words take use "more" and "most"
and which words take the suffixes "-er" and "-est."
Common Problems with the Comparative and
Superlative
There
are certain modifiers which you cannot logically use in the comparative and
superlative forms. Adjectives like "perfect" and "unique,"
for instance, express absolute conditions and do not allow for degrees of
comparison. Something cannot be more
perfect than another thing: it is either perfect or not perfect.You should also avoid using a double comparison -- that is, using both a suffix and an adverb to indicate the comparative or superlative:
[WRONG] I am
convinced that my poodle is more smarter
than your dachshund.
[WRONG]
Laurel and Hardy are the most funniest
slapstick comedians in film history.
[RIGHT] I am
convinced that my poodle is smarter
than your dachshund.
[RIGHT]
Laurel and Hardy are the funniest
slapstick comedians in film history.
Similarly,
although the double negative -- the use of two negative
words together for a single negative idea -- is common in speech and has a long
history in the English language, you should avoid using it in formal writing:
[WRONG] We
decided there wasn't no
point in pursuing our research further.
[WRONG] I can't get no satisfaction.
[RIGHT] We
decided there wasn't any
point in pursuing our research further. OR We
decided there was no
point in pursuing our research further.
[RIGHT] I can't get any satisfaction. OR I can get no satisfaction.
Double
negatives involving "not" and "no" are fairly easy to spot
and fix. However, some other adverbs -- for example, "hardly,"
"scarcely," "barely" -- imply
the negative, and you should not use them with another negative:
[WRONG] Even
though he has lived in Toronto for four years, he does not have hardly any
friends there.
[RIGHT] Even
though he has lived in Toronto for four years, he has hardly any friends there. OR Even though he has lived in
Toronto for four years, he does not have
many friends there.
Written by Frances Peck
Review: Adverbs and Adjectives
Choose the correct word in each of the
following sentences.
1.
Many people have tried to sell us vacuum
cleaners, but you are certainly one of the *** salespeople we have met.
6.
We have studied the proposals from both
firms and have decided that although Zero Inc.'s fees are high, it is the ***
reliable company.
10.
She accepted responsibility for the
accident, and she felt *** about the whole incident for weeks afterward.
Written
by Frances Peck
Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
You
have a certain amount of freedom in deciding where to place your modifiers in a sentence:
We rowed the
boat vigorously.
We vigorously rowed the boat.
Vigorously we rowed the boat.
However,
you must be careful to avoid misplaced
modifiers --
modifiers that are positioned so that they appear to modify the wrong thing.In fact, you can improve your writing quite a bit by paying attention to basic problems like misplaced modifiers and dangling modifiers.
Misplaced Words
In
general, you should place single-word modifiers near the word or words they
modify, especially when a reader might think that they modify something
different in the sentence. Consider the following sentence:
[WRONG]
After our conversation lessons, we could understand the Spanish spoken by our
visitors from Madrid easily.
Do
we understand
the Spanish easily, or do the visitors speak
it easily? This revision eliminates the confusion:
[RIGHT] We
could easily understand the
Spanish spoken by our visitors from Madrid.
It
is particularly important to be careful about where you put limiting modifiers. These are words like
"almost," "hardly," "nearly," "just,"
"only," "merely," and so on. Many writers regularly
misplace these modifiers. You can accidentally change the entire meaning of a
sentence if you place these modifiers next to the wrong word:
[WRONG]
Randy has nearly annoyed every
professor he has had. (he hasn't "nearly annoyed" them)
[WRONG] We almost ate all of the
Thanksgiving turkey. (we didn't "almost eat" it)
[RIGHT]
Randy has annoyed nearly
every professor he has had.
[RIGHT] We
ate almost all of the
Thanksgiving turkey.
Misplaced Phrases and Clauses
It
is important that you place the modifying phrase or clause as
close as possible to the word or words it modifies:
[WRONG] By
accident, he poked the little girl with his finger in the eye.
[WRONG] I
heard that my roommate intended to throw a surprise party for me while I was outside her bedroom window.
[WRONG] After the wedding, Ian told us
at his stag party that he would start behaving like a responsible adult.
[RIGHT] By
accident, he poked the little girl in the eye
with his finger.
[RIGHT] While I was outside her bedroom window,
I heard that my roommate intended to throw a surprise party for me.
[RIGHT] Ian
told us at his stag party that he would start behaving like a responsible adult
after the wedding.
Squinting Modifiers
A
squinting modifier is an ambiguously placed
modifier that can modify either the word before it or the word after it. In
other words, it is "squinting" in both directions at the same time:
[WRONG]
Defining your terms clearly
strengthens your argument. (does defining "clearly strengthen" or
does "defining clearly" strengthen?)
[RIGHT]
Defining your terms will clearly
strengthen your argument. OR A clear definition of your
terms strengthens your argument.
Split Infinitives
The
infinitive form
of the verb
consists of the word "to" followed by the base form of the verb:
"to be," "to serve," "to chop," etc. Inserting a
word or words between the "to" and the verb of an infinitive creates
what is known as a split
infinitive.
Prescriptive grammarians, who knew Latin grammar better than English, once
decreed that a split infinitive was an error, but now it is growing
increasingly acceptable even in formal writing. Nevertheless, some careful
writers still prefer to avoid splitting infinitives altogether.In general, you should avoid placing long, disruptive modifiers between the "to" and the verb of an infinitive. However, you must use your judgement when it comes to single-word modifiers. Sometimes a sentence becomes awkward if a single-word modifier is placed anywhere but between the elements of the infinitive:
[WRONG] The
marketing team voted to, before they
launched the new software, run an anticipatory ad campaign.
(disruptive -- the infinitive should not be split)
[RIGHT] The
marketing team voted to run an anticipatory ad campaign before they launched the new software.
Dangling Modifiers
The
dangling modifier, a persistent and frequent
grammatical problem in writing, is often (though not always) located at the
beginning of a sentence. A dangling modifier is usually a phrase or an elliptical clause -- a dependent clause whose
subject and
verb are implied rather than expressed -- that functions as an adjective but
does not modify any specific word in the sentence, or (worse) modifies the wrong word. Consider the
following example:
Raised in Nova Scotia, it is natural to miss the smell of the sea.
The
introductory phrase in the above sentence looks as if it is meant to modify a
person or persons, but no one is mentioned in the sentence. Such introductory adjective phrases,
because of their position, automatically modify the first noun or pronoun that
follows the phrase -- in this case, "it." The connection in this case
is illogical because "it" was not raised in Nova Scotia. You could
revise the sentence in a number of ways:
For a person raised in
Nova Scotia, it is natural to miss the
smell of the sea. (the phrase no longer functions as an adjective)
Raised in
Nova Scotia, I
often miss the smell of the sea. (the phrase functions as an adjective but now
automatically modifies "I," a logical connection)
A
dangling modifier can also appear when you place an elliptical clause
improperly:
Although nearly finished, we left the play early because we were worried about our sick
cat.
The
way this sentence is structured, the clause "Although nearly
finished" illogically modifies "we," the pronoun directly
following the clause. An easy way to rectify the problem is to re-insert the
subject and verb that are understood in the elliptical clause:
Although the play was nearly finished,
we left early because we were worried about our sick cat.
Written by Frances Peck
Review: Misplaced and Dangling
Modifiers
Indicate whether each sentence
does or does not contain a misplaced modifier or
a dangling modifier.
1. Flashing a huge grin, Ralph apologised for being late
and then handed his grandmother a bouquet of lilacs.
2. The surgeon was able to quickly and painlessly remove
the stitches from Greta's forehead.
3. After gathering wild flowers all summer and pressing
them between the pages of a heavy book, the dried petals were ready for Teresa to
make greeting cards to sell at the fair.
4. We had almost watched the entire movie when suddenly the
person behind us blurted out, "The doctor did it!"
5. Before buying a new stereo, you should carefully
consider what you need and what you can afford.
6. I heard that he got married to a countess with a vast
fortune in a small church in Italy.
7. Covered with bowls of strawberries, plates of bread and
cheese, trays of squares and cookies, and huge frosted cakes, the OK Dance Club
had organised a magnificent tea.
8. After borrowing from all his friends, he had barely
enough money to pay his rent.
9. To succeed in the engineering field, some technical
writing ability is a definite asset.
10. My best friend is starting a weight-gaining regime in
two weeks of five meals a day.
Written
by Frances Peck
Review: Fixing Misplaced
Modifiers
On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite each
sentence to
eliminate misplaced modifiers. Then compare your answer with the samples
provided.
1. Running quickly gives her a headache.
2. Although tired, the sale was so good that we shopped
until nine.
3. Raging and blowing from the north, we had a terrible
blizzard on Saturday.
4. I gave my niece a photo of her golden retriever in a
silver frame.
5. To be considered by the top firms, your resume must look
professional.
Prepared by SANN RAKSMEY.
ไม่มีความคิดเห็น:
แสดงความคิดเห็น